“The Measure of Intelligence is the ability to change” Perhaps this is the reason why bacteria are able to attain

Cell cycle is a strictly regulated phenomenon that involves duplication and division of cellular material between daughter cells. It’s no

In 1951, Alma Howard (a radiobiologist) and Stephen Pelc (a physicist), conducted experiments with radioactive DNA labelling in plants and

Introduction BOD stands for Biochemical Oxygen Demand, is the amount of oxygen required for bacteria to decompose biodegradable organic matter

Cultivation of Viruses As viruses are obligate intra-cellular parasite and they need host for their growth and survival. They dependent

Viruses are defined in many ways as per different standard books but, the simplest definition of a virus is an

Vector are small DNA molecules that are used to carry desired gene in order to insert into desired organism. Vectors

Bacterial Growth means increase in cell size and number. As said by Jacques Lucien Monod, a Nobel Prize winner (1949)

Introduction– Biofilm is a close association of cells to each other or to a specific surface forming a slimy layer.

Introduction: DNA Replication is a vital molecular process of duplicating the genetic material. During cell division, the newly formed DNA